Logistic regression - overview
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Logistic regression | Friedman test | Chi-squared test for the relationship between two categorical variables |
You cannot compare more than 3 methods |
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Independent variables | Independent/grouping variable | Independent /column variable | |
One or more quantitative of interval or ratio level and/or one or more categorical with independent groups, transformed into code variables | One within subject factor ($\geq 2$ related groups) | One categorical with $I$ independent groups ($I \geqslant 2$) | |
Dependent variable | Dependent variable | Dependent /row variable | |
One categorical with 2 independent groups | One of ordinal level | One categorical with $J$ independent groups ($J \geqslant 2$) | |
Null hypothesis | Null hypothesis | Null hypothesis | |
Model chi-squared test for the complete regression model:
| H0: the population scores in any of the related groups are not systematically higher or lower than the population scores in any of the other related groups
Usually the related groups are the different measurement points. Several different formulations of the null hypothesis can be found in the literature, and we do not agree with all of them. Make sure you (also) learn the one that is given in your text book or by your teacher. | H0: there is no association between the row and column variable More precisely, if there are $I$ independent random samples of size $n_i$ from each of $I$ populations, defined by the independent variable:
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Alternative hypothesis | Alternative hypothesis | Alternative hypothesis | |
Model chi-squared test for the complete regression model:
| H1: the population scores in some of the related groups are systematically higher or lower than the population scores in other related groups | H1: there is an association between the row and column variable More precisely, if there are $I$ independent random samples of size $n_i$ from each of $I$ populations, defined by the independent variable:
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Assumptions | Assumptions | Assumptions | |
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Test statistic | Test statistic | Test statistic | |
Model chi-squared test for the complete regression model:
The wald statistic can be defined in two ways:
Likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual $\beta_k$:
| $Q = \dfrac{12}{N \times k(k + 1)} \sum R^2_i - 3 \times N(k + 1)$
Here $N$ is the number of 'blocks' (usually the subjects - so if you have 4 repeated measurements for 60 subjects, $N$ equals 60), $k$ is the number of related groups (usually the number of repeated measurements), and $R_i$ is the sum of ranks in group $i$. Remember that multiplication precedes addition, so first compute $\frac{12}{N \times k(k + 1)} \times \sum R^2_i$ and then subtract $3 \times N(k + 1)$. Note: if ties are present in the data, the formula for $Q$ is more complicated. | $X^2 = \sum{\frac{(\mbox{observed cell count} - \mbox{expected cell count})^2}{\mbox{expected cell count}}}$
Here for each cell, the expected cell count = $\dfrac{\mbox{row total} \times \mbox{column total}}{\mbox{total sample size}}$, the observed cell count is the observed sample count in that same cell, and the sum is over all $I \times J$ cells. | |
Sampling distribution of $X^2$ and of the Wald statistic if H0 were true | Sampling distribution of $Q$ if H0 were true | Sampling distribution of $X^2$ if H0 were true | |
Sampling distribution of $X^2$, as computed in the model chi-squared test for the complete model:
| If the number of blocks $N$ is large, approximately the chi-squared distribution with $k - 1$ degrees of freedom.
For small samples, the exact distribution of $Q$ should be used. | Approximately the chi-squared distribution with $(I - 1) \times (J - 1)$ degrees of freedom | |
Significant? | Significant? | Significant? | |
For the model chi-squared test for the complete regression model and likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual $\beta_k$:
| If the number of blocks $N$ is large, the table with critical $X^2$ values can be used. If we denote $X^2 = Q$:
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Wald-type approximate $C\%$ confidence interval for $\beta_k$ | n.a. | n.a. | |
$b_k \pm z^* \times SE_{b_k}$ where the critical value $z^*$ is the value under the normal curve with the area $C / 100$ between $-z^*$ and $z^*$ (e.g. $z^*$ = 1.96 for a 95% confidence interval). | - | - | |
Goodness of fit measure $R^2_L$ | n.a. | n.a. | |
$R^2_L = \dfrac{D_{null} - D_K}{D_{null}}$ There are several other goodness of fit measures in logistic regression. In logistic regression, there is no single agreed upon measure of goodness of fit. | - | - | |
Example context | Example context | Example context | |
Can body mass index, stress level, and gender predict whether people get diagnosed with diabetes? | Is there a difference in depression level between measurement point 1 (pre-intervention), measurement point 2 (1 week post-intervention), and measurement point 3 (6 weeks post-intervention)? | Is there an association between economic class and gender? Is the distribution of economic class different between men and women? | |
SPSS | SPSS | SPSS | |
Analyze > Regression > Binary Logistic...
| Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Legacy Dialogs > K Related Samples...
| Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs...
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Jamovi | Jamovi | Jamovi | |
Regression > 2 Outcomes - Binomial
| ANOVA > Repeated Measures ANOVA - Friedman
| Frequencies > Independent Samples - $\chi^2$ test of association
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Practice questions | Practice questions | Practice questions | |