Goodness of fit test overview

This page offers structured overviews of one or more selected methods. Add additional methods for comparisons by clicking on the dropdown button in the right-hand column. To practice with a specific method click the button at the bottom row of the table

Goodness of fit test	Kruskal-Wallis test	Cochran's Q test	Paired sample $t$ test	One sample $t$ test for the mean	Sign test	Logistic regression	Two sample $t$ test - equal variances assumed
Independent variable	Independent/grouping variable	Independent/grouping variable	Independent variable	Independent variable	Independent variable	Independent variables	Independent/grouping variable
None	One categorical with $I$ independent groups ($I \geqslant 2$)	One within subject factor ($\geq 2$ related groups)	2 paired groups	None	2 paired groups	One or more quantitative of interval or ratio level and/or one or more categorical with independent groups, transformed into code variables	One categorical with 2 independent groups
Dependent variable	Dependent variable	Dependent variable	Dependent variable	Dependent variable	Dependent variable	Dependent variable	Dependent variable
One categorical with $J$ independent groups ($J \geqslant 2$)	One of ordinal level	One categorical with 2 independent groups	One quantitative of interval or ratio level	One quantitative of interval or ratio level	One of ordinal level	One categorical with 2 independent groups	One quantitative of interval or ratio level
Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis	Null hypothesis
H₀: the population proportions in each of the $J$ conditions are $\pi_1$, $\pi_2$, $\ldots$, $\pi_J$ or equivalently H₀: the probability of drawing an observation from condition 1 is $\pi_1$, the probability of drawing an observation from condition 2 is $\pi_2$, $\ldots$, the probability of drawing an observation from condition $J$ is $\pi_J$	If the dependent variable is measured on a continuous scale and the shape of the distribution of the dependent variable is the same in all $I$ populations: H₀: the population medians for the $I$ groups are equal Else: Formulation 1: H₀: the population scores in any of the $I$ groups are not systematically higher or lower than the population scores in any of the other groups Formulation 2: H₀: P(an observation from population $g$ exceeds an observation from population $h$) = P(an observation from population $h$ exceeds an observation from population $g$), for each pair of groups. Several different formulations of the null hypothesis can be found in the literature, and we do not agree with all of them. Make sure you (also) learn the one that is given in your text book or by your teacher.	H₀: $\pi_1 = \pi_2 = \ldots = \pi_I$ Here $\pi_1$ is the population proportion of 'successes' for group 1, $\pi_2$ is the population proportion of 'successes' for group 2, and $\pi_I$ is the population proportion of 'successes' for group $I.$	H₀: $\mu = \mu_0$ Here $\mu$ is the population mean of the difference scores, and $\mu_0$ is the population mean of the difference scores according to the null hypothesis, which is usually 0. A difference score is the difference between the first score of a pair and the second score of a pair.	H₀: $\mu = \mu_0$ Here $\mu$ is the population mean, and $\mu_0$ is the population mean according to the null hypothesis.	H₀: P(first score of a pair exceeds second score of a pair) = P(second score of a pair exceeds first score of a pair) If the dependent variable is measured on a continuous scale, this can also be formulated as: H₀: the population median of the difference scores is equal to zero A difference score is the difference between the first score of a pair and the second score of a pair.	Model chi-squared test for the complete regression model: H₀: $\beta_1 = \beta_2 = \ldots = \beta_K = 0$ Wald test for individual regression coefficient $\beta_k$: H₀: $\beta_k = 0$ or in terms of odds ratio: H₀: $e^{\beta_k} = 1$ Likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual regression coefficient $\beta_k$: H₀: $\beta_k = 0$ or in terms of odds ratio: H₀: $e^{\beta_k} = 1$ in the regression equation $ \ln \big(\frac{\pi_{y = 1}}{1 - \pi_{y = 1}} \big) = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \times x_1 + \beta_2 \times x_2 + \ldots + \beta_K \times x_K $. Here $ x_i$ represents independent variable $ i$, $\beta_i$ is the regression weight for independent variable $ x_i$, and $\pi_{y = 1}$ represents the true probability that the dependent variable $ y = 1$ (or equivalently, the proportion of $ y = 1$ in the population) given the scores on the independent variables.	H₀: $\mu_1 = \mu_2$ Here $\mu_1$ is the population mean for group 1, and $\mu_2$ is the population mean for group 2.
Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis	Alternative hypothesis
H₁: the population proportions are not all as specified under the null hypothesis or equivalently H₁: the probabilities of drawing an observation from each of the conditions are not all as specified under the null hypothesis	If the dependent variable is measured on a continuous scale and the shape of the distribution of the dependent variable is the same in all $I$ populations: H₁: not all of the population medians for the $I$ groups are equal Else: Formulation 1: H₁: the poplation scores in some groups are systematically higher or lower than the population scores in other groups Formulation 2: H₁: for at least one pair of groups: P(an observation from population $g$ exceeds an observation from population $h$) $\neq$ P(an observation from population $h$ exceeds an observation from population $g$)	H₁: not all population proportions are equal	H₁ two sided: $\mu \neq \mu_0$ H₁ right sided: $\mu > \mu_0$ H₁ left sided: $\mu < \mu_0$	H₁ two sided: $\mu \neq \mu_0$ H₁ right sided: $\mu > \mu_0$ H₁ left sided: $\mu < \mu_0$	H₁ two sided: P(first score of a pair exceeds second score of a pair) $\neq$ P(second score of a pair exceeds first score of a pair) H₁ right sided: P(first score of a pair exceeds second score of a pair) > P(second score of a pair exceeds first score of a pair) H₁ left sided: P(first score of a pair exceeds second score of a pair) < P(second score of a pair exceeds first score of a pair) If the dependent variable is measured on a continuous scale, this can also be formulated as: H₁ two sided: the population median of the difference scores is different from zero H₁ right sided: the population median of the difference scores is larger than zero H₁ left sided: the population median of the difference scores is smaller than zero	Model chi-squared test for the complete regression model: H₁: not all population regression coefficients are 0 Wald test for individual regression coefficient $\beta_k$: H₁: $\beta_k \neq 0$ or in terms of odds ratio: H₁: $e^{\beta_k} \neq 1$ If defined as Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k}{SE_{b_k}}$ (see 'Test statistic'), also one sided alternatives can be tested: H₁ right sided: $\beta_k > 0$ H₁ left sided: $\beta_k < 0$ Likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual regression coefficient $\beta_k$: H₁: $\beta_k \neq 0$ or in terms of odds ratio: H₁: $e^{\beta_k} \neq 1$	H₁ two sided: $\mu_1 \neq \mu_2$ H₁ right sided: $\mu_1 > \mu_2$ H₁ left sided: $\mu_1 < \mu_2$
Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions	Assumptions
Sample size is large enough for $X^2$ to be approximately chi-squared distributed. Rule of thumb: all $J$ expected cell counts are 5 or more Sample is a simple random sample from the population. That is, observations are independent of one another	Group 1 sample is a simple random sample (SRS) from population 1, group 2 sample is an independent SRS from population 2, $\ldots$, group $I$ sample is an independent SRS from population $I$. That is, within and between groups, observations are independent of one another	Sample of 'blocks' (usually the subjects) is a simple random sample from the population. That is, blocks are independent of one another	Difference scores are normally distributed in the population Sample of difference scores is a simple random sample from the population of difference scores. That is, difference scores are independent of one another	Scores are normally distributed in the population Sample is a simple random sample from the population. That is, observations are independent of one another	Sample of pairs is a simple random sample from the population of pairs. That is, pairs are independent of one another	In the population, the relationship between the independent variables and the log odds $\ln (\frac{\pi_{y=1}}{1 - \pi_{y=1}})$ is linear The residuals are independent of one another Often ignored additional assumption: Variables are measured without error Also pay attention to: Multicollinearity Outliers	Within each population, the scores on the dependent variable are normally distributed The standard deviation of the scores on the dependent variable is the same in both populations: $\sigma_1 = \sigma_2$ Group 1 sample is a simple random sample (SRS) from population 1, group 2 sample is an independent SRS from population 2. That is, within and between groups, observations are independent of one another
Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic	Test statistic
$X^2 = \sum{\frac{(\mbox{observed cell count} - \mbox{expected cell count})^2}{\mbox{expected cell count}}}$ Here the expected cell count for one cell = $N \times \pi_j$, the observed cell count is the observed sample count in that same cell, and the sum is over all $J$ cells.	$H = \dfrac{12}{N (N + 1)} \sum \dfrac{R^2_i}{n_i} - 3(N + 1)$ Here $N$ is the total sample size, $R_i$ is the sum of ranks in group $i$, and $n_i$ is the sample size of group $i$. Remember that multiplication precedes addition, so first compute $\frac{12}{N (N + 1)} \times \sum \frac{R^2_i}{n_i}$ and then subtract $3(N + 1)$. Note: if ties are present in the data, the formula for $H$ is more complicated.	If a failure is scored as 0 and a success is scored as 1: $Q = k(k - 1) \dfrac{\sum_{groups} \Big (\mbox{group total} - \frac{\mbox{grand total}}{k} \Big)^2}{\sum_{blocks} \mbox{block total} \times (k - \mbox{block total})}$ Here $k$ is the number of related groups (usually the number of repeated measurements), a group total is the sum of the scores in a group, a block total is the sum of the scores in a block (usually a subject), and the grand total is the sum of all the scores. Before computing $Q$, first exclude blocks with equal scores in all $k$ groups.	$t = \dfrac{\bar{y} - \mu_0}{s / \sqrt{N}}$ Here $\bar{y}$ is the sample mean of the difference scores, $\mu_0$ is the population mean of the difference scores according to the null hypothesis, $s$ is the sample standard deviation of the difference scores, and $N$ is the sample size (number of difference scores). The denominator $s / \sqrt{N}$ is the standard error of the sampling distribution of $\bar{y}$. The $t$ value indicates how many standard errors $\bar{y}$ is removed from $\mu_0$.	$t = \dfrac{\bar{y} - \mu_0}{s / \sqrt{N}}$ Here $\bar{y}$ is the sample mean, $\mu_0$ is the population mean according to the null hypothesis, $s$ is the sample standard deviation, and $N$ is the sample size. The denominator $s / \sqrt{N}$ is the standard error of the sampling distribution of $\bar{y}$. The $t$ value indicates how many standard errors $\bar{y}$ is removed from $\mu_0$.	$W = $ number of difference scores that is larger than 0	Model chi-squared test for the complete regression model: $X^2 = D_{null} - D_K = \mbox{null deviance} - \mbox{model deviance} $ $D_{null}$, the null deviance, is conceptually similar to the total variance of the dependent variable in OLS regression analysis. $D_K$, the model deviance, is conceptually similar to the residual variance in OLS regression analysis. Wald test for individual $\beta_k$: The wald statistic can be defined in two ways: Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k^2}{SE^2_{b_k}}$ Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k}{SE_{b_k}}$ SPSS uses the first definition. Likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual $\beta_k$: $X^2 = D_{K-1} - D_K$ $D_{K-1}$ is the model deviance, where independent variable $k$ is excluded from the model. $D_{K}$ is the model deviance, where independent variable $k$ is included in the model.	$t = \dfrac{(\bar{y}_1 - \bar{y}_2) - 0}{s_p\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{n_1} + \dfrac{1}{n_2}}} = \dfrac{\bar{y}_1 - \bar{y}_2}{s_p\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{n_1} + \dfrac{1}{n_2}}}$ Here $\bar{y}_1$ is the sample mean in group 1, $\bar{y}_2$ is the sample mean in group 2, $s_p$ is the pooled standard deviation, $n_1$ is the sample size of group 1, and $n_2$ is the sample size of group 2. The 0 represents the difference in population means according to the null hypothesis. The denominator $s_p\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{n_1} + \dfrac{1}{n_2}}$ is the standard error of the sampling distribution of $\bar{y}_1 - \bar{y}_2$. The $t$ value indicates how many standard errors $\bar{y}_1 - \bar{y}_2$ is removed from 0. Note: we could just as well compute $\bar{y}_2 - \bar{y}_1$ in the numerator, but then the left sided alternative becomes $\mu_2 < \mu_1$, and the right sided alternative becomes $\mu_2 > \mu_1$.
n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Pooled standard deviation
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	$s_p = \sqrt{\dfrac{(n_1 - 1) \times s^2_1 + (n_2 - 1) \times s^2_2}{n_1 + n_2 - 2}}$
Sampling distribution of $X^2$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $H$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $Q$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $t$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $t$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $W$ if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $X^2$ and of the Wald statistic if H₀ were true	Sampling distribution of $t$ if H₀ were true
Approximately the chi-squared distribution with $J - 1$ degrees of freedom	For large samples, approximately the chi-squared distribution with $I - 1$ degrees of freedom. For small samples, the exact distribution of $H$ should be used.	If the number of blocks (usually the number of subjects) is large, approximately the chi-squared distribution with $k - 1$ degrees of freedom	$t$ distribution with $N - 1$ degrees of freedom	$t$ distribution with $N - 1$ degrees of freedom	The exact distribution of $W$ under the null hypothesis is the Binomial($n$, $P$) distribution, with $n =$ number of positive differences $+$ number of negative differences, and $P = 0.5$. If $n$ is large, $W$ is approximately normally distributed under the null hypothesis, with mean $nP = n \times 0.5$ and standard deviation $\sqrt{nP(1-P)} = \sqrt{n \times 0.5(1 - 0.5)}$. Hence, if $n$ is large, the standardized test statistic $$z = \frac{W - n \times 0.5}{\sqrt{n \times 0.5(1 - 0.5)}}$$ follows approximately the standard normal distribution if the null hypothesis were true.	Sampling distribution of $X^2$, as computed in the model chi-squared test for the complete model: chi-squared distribution with $K$ (number of independent variables) degrees of freedom Sampling distribution of the Wald statistic: If defined as Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k^2}{SE^2_{b_k}}$: approximately the chi-squared distribution with 1 degree of freedom If defined as Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k}{SE_{b_k}}$: approximately the standard normal distribution Sampling distribution of $X^2$, as computed in the likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual $\beta_k$: chi-squared distribution with 1 degree of freedom	$t$ distribution with $n_1 + n_2 - 2$ degrees of freedom
Significant?	Significant?	Significant?	Significant?	Significant?	Significant?	Significant?	Significant?
Check if $X^2$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $X^{2*}$ or Find $p$ value corresponding to observed $X^2$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	For large samples, the table with critical $X^2$ values can be used. If we denote $X^2 = H$: Check if $X^2$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $X^{2*}$ or Find $p$ value corresponding to observed $X^2$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	If the number of blocks is large, the table with critical $X^2$ values can be used. If we denote $X^2 = Q$: Check if $X^2$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $X^{2*}$ or Find $p$ value corresponding to observed $X^2$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	Two sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is at least as extreme as critical value $t^$ or Find two sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Right sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $t^$ or Find right sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Left sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or smaller than critical value $t^*$ or Find left sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	Two sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is at least as extreme as critical value $t^$ or Find two sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Right sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $t^$ or Find right sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Left sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or smaller than critical value $t^*$ or Find left sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	If $n$ is small, the table for the binomial distribution should be used: Two sided: Check if $W$ observed in sample is in the rejection region or Find two sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $W$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Right sided: Check if $W$ observed in sample is in the rejection region or Find right sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $W$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Left sided: Check if $W$ observed in sample is in the rejection region or Find left sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $W$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ If $n$ is large, the table for standard normal probabilities can be used: Two sided: Check if $z$ observed in sample is at least as extreme as critical value $z^$ or Find two sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $z$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Right sided: Check if $z$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $z^$ or Find right sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $z$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Left sided: Check if $z$ observed in sample is equal to or smaller than critical value $z^*$ or Find left sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $z$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$	For the model chi-squared test for the complete regression model and likelihood ratio chi-squared test for individual $\beta_k$: Check if $X^2$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $X^{2*}$ or Find $p$ value corresponding to observed $X^2$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ For the Wald test: If defined as Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k^2}{SE^2_{b_k}}$: same procedure as for the chi-squared tests. Wald can be interpret as $X^2$ If defined as Wald $ = \dfrac{b_k}{SE_{b_k}}$: same procedure as for any $z$ test. Wald can be interpreted as $z$.	Two sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is at least as extreme as critical value $t^$ or Find two sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Right sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or larger than critical value $t^$ or Find right sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$ Left sided: Check if $t$ observed in sample is equal to or smaller than critical value $t^*$ or Find left sided $p$ value corresponding to observed $t$ and check if it is equal to or smaller than $\alpha$
n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	$C\%$ confidence interval for $\mu$	$C\%$ confidence interval for $\mu$	n.a.	Wald-type approximate $C\%$ confidence interval for $\beta_k$	$C\%$ confidence interval for $\mu_1 - \mu_2$
-	-	-	$\bar{y} \pm t^* \times \dfrac{s}{\sqrt{N}}$ where the critical value $t^$ is the value under the $t_{N-1}$ distribution with the area $C / 100$ between $-t^$ and $t^$ (e.g. $t^$ = 2.086 for a 95% confidence interval when df = 20). The confidence interval for $\mu$ can also be used as significance test.	$\bar{y} \pm t^* \times \dfrac{s}{\sqrt{N}}$ where the critical value $t^$ is the value under the $t_{N-1}$ distribution with the area $C / 100$ between $-t^$ and $t^$ (e.g. $t^$ = 2.086 for a 95% confidence interval when df = 20). The confidence interval for $\mu$ can also be used as significance test.	-	$b_k \pm z^* \times SE_{b_k}$ where the critical value $z^$ is the value under the normal curve with the area $C / 100$ between $-z^$ and $z^$ (e.g. $z^$ = 1.96 for a 95% confidence interval).	$(\bar{y}_1 - \bar{y}_2) \pm t^* \times s_p\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{n_1} + \dfrac{1}{n_2}}$ where the critical value $t^$ is the value under the $t_{n_1 + n_2 - 2}$ distribution with the area $C / 100$ between $-t^$ and $t^$ (e.g. $t^$ = 2.086 for a 95% confidence interval when df = 20). The confidence interval for $\mu_1 - \mu_2$ can also be used as significance test.
n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Effect size	Effect size	n.a.	Goodness of fit measure $R^2_L$	Effect size
-	-	-	Cohen's $d$: Standardized difference between the sample mean of the difference scores and $\mu_0$: $$d = \frac{\bar{y} - \mu_0}{s}$$ Cohen's $d$ indicates how many standard deviations $s$ the sample mean of the difference scores $\bar{y}$ is removed from $\mu_0.$	Cohen's $d$: Standardized difference between the sample mean and $\mu_0$: $$d = \frac{\bar{y} - \mu_0}{s}$$ Cohen's $d$ indicates how many standard deviations $s$ the sample mean $\bar{y}$ is removed from $\mu_0.$	-	$R^2_L = \dfrac{D_{null} - D_K}{D_{null}}$ There are several other goodness of fit measures in logistic regression. In logistic regression, there is no single agreed upon measure of goodness of fit.	Cohen's $d$: Standardized difference between the mean in group $1$ and in group $2$: $$d = \frac{\bar{y}_1 - \bar{y}_2}{s_p}$$ Cohen's $d$ indicates how many standard deviations $s_p$ the two sample means are removed from each other.
n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Visual representation	Visual representation	n.a.	n.a.	Visual representation
-	-	-			-	-
n.a.	n.a.	Equivalent to	Equivalent to	n.a.	Equivalent to	n.a.	Equivalent to
-	-	Friedman test, with a categorical dependent variable consisting of two independent groups.	One sample $t$ test on the difference scores. Repeated measures ANOVA with one dichotomous within subjects factor.	-	Two sided sign test is equivalent to McNemar's test: $W = b$, and $z^2 = X^2$ Friedman test with two related groups	-	One way ANOVA with an independent variable with 2 levels ($I$ = 2): two sided two sample $t$ test is equivalent to ANOVA $F$ test when $I$ = 2 two sample $t$ test is equivalent to $t$ test for contrast when $I$ = 2 two sample $t$ test is equivalent to $t$ test multiple comparisons when $I$ = 2 OLS regression with one categorical independent variable with 2 levels: two sided two sample $t$ test is equivalent to $F$ test regression model two sample $t$ test is equivalent to $t$ test for regression coefficient $\beta_1$
Example context	Example context	Example context	Example context	Example context	Example context	Example context	Example context
Is the proportion of people with a low, moderate, and high social economic status in the population different from $\pi_{low} = 0.2,$ $\pi_{moderate} = 0.6,$ and $\pi_{high} = 0.2$?	Do people from different religions tend to score differently on social economic status?	Subjects perform three different tasks, which they can either perform correctly or incorrectly. Is there a difference in task performance between the three different tasks?	Is the average difference between the mental health scores before and after an intervention different from $\mu_0 = 0$?	Is the average mental health score of office workers different from $\mu_0 = 50$?	Do people tend to score higher on mental health after a mindfulness course?	Can body mass index, stress level, and gender predict whether people get diagnosed with diabetes?	Is the average mental health score different between men and women? Assume that in the population, the standard deviation of mental health scores is equal amongst men and women.
SPSS	SPSS	SPSS	SPSS	SPSS	SPSS	SPSS	SPSS
Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Legacy Dialogs > Chi-square... Put your categorical variable in the box below Test Variable List Fill in the population proportions / probabilities according to $H_0$ in the box below Expected Values. If $H_0$ states that they are all equal, just pick 'All categories equal' (default)	Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Legacy Dialogs > K Independent Samples... Put your dependent variable in the box below Test Variable List and your independent (grouping) variable in the box below Grouping Variable Click on the Define Range... button. If you can't click on it, first click on the grouping variable so its background turns yellow Fill in the smallest value you have used to indicate your groups in the box next to Minimum, and the largest value you have used to indicate your groups in the box next to Maximum Continue and click OK	Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Legacy Dialogs > K Related Samples... Put the $k$ variables containing the scores for the $k$ related groups in the white box below Test Variables Under Test Type, select Cochran's Q test	Analyze > Compare Means > Paired-Samples T Test... Put the two paired variables in the boxes below Variable 1 and Variable 2	Analyze > Compare Means > One-Sample T Test... Put your variable in the box below Test Variable(s) Fill in the value for $\mu_0$ in the box next to Test Value	Analyze > Nonparametric Tests > Legacy Dialogs > 2 Related Samples... Put the two paired variables in the boxes below Variable 1 and Variable 2 Under Test Type, select the Sign test	Analyze > Regression > Binary Logistic... Put your dependent variable in the box below Dependent and your independent (predictor) variables in the box below Covariate(s)	Analyze > Compare Means > Independent-Samples T Test... Put your dependent (quantitative) variable in the box below Test Variable(s) and your independent (grouping) variable in the box below Grouping Variable Click on the Define Groups... button. If you can't click on it, first click on the grouping variable so its background turns yellow Fill in the value you have used to indicate your first group in the box next to Group 1, and the value you have used to indicate your second group in the box next to Group 2 Continue and click OK
Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi	Jamovi
Frequencies > N Outcomes - $\chi^2$ Goodness of fit Put your categorical variable in the box below Variable Click on Expected Proportions and fill in the population proportions / probabilities according to $H_0$ in the boxes below Ratio. If $H_0$ states that they are all equal, you can leave the ratios equal to the default values (1)	ANOVA > One Way ANOVA - Kruskal-Wallis Put your dependent variable in the box below Dependent Variables and your independent (grouping) variable in the box below Grouping Variable	Jamovi does not have a specific option for the Cochran's Q test. However, you can do the Friedman test instead. The $p$ value resulting from this Friedman test is equivalent to the $p$ value that would have resulted from the Cochran's Q test. Go to: ANOVA > Repeated Measures ANOVA - Friedman Put the $k$ variables containing the scores for the $k$ related groups in the box below Measures	T-Tests > Paired Samples T-Test Put the two paired variables in the box below Paired Variables, one on the left side of the vertical line and one on the right side of the vertical line Under Hypothesis, select your alternative hypothesis	T-Tests > One Sample T-Test Put your variable in the box below Dependent Variables Under Hypothesis, fill in the value for $\mu_0$ in the box next to Test Value, and select your alternative hypothesis	Jamovi does not have a specific option for the sign test. However, you can do the Friedman test instead. The $p$ value resulting from this Friedman test is equivalent to the two sided $p$ value that would have resulted from the sign test. Go to: ANOVA > Repeated Measures ANOVA - Friedman Put the two paired variables in the box below Measures	Regression > 2 Outcomes - Binomial Put your dependent variable in the box below Dependent Variable and your independent variables of interval/ratio level in the box below Covariates If you also have code (dummy) variables as independent variables, you can put these in the box below Covariates as well Instead of transforming your categorical independent variable(s) into code variables, you can also put the untransformed categorical independent variables in the box below Factors. Jamovi will then make the code variables for you 'behind the scenes'	T-Tests > Independent Samples T-Test Put your dependent (quantitative) variable in the box below Dependent Variables and your independent (grouping) variable in the box below Grouping Variable Under Tests, select Student's (selected by default) Under Hypothesis, select your alternative hypothesis
Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions	Practice questions

Goodness of fit test - overview